The Russian word for 'lie' has too many meanings.

The Russian word ложь (lozh: the usual translation of "lie", but also of "falsehood" and of the logical value "false") carries too many meanings. In Russian, there's no single word to tell apart a person saying something untrue on purpose from a person simply making a wrong statement. I wish we had three words for ложь, namely: false, lie, misinformation. I've put them in quotes as shorthand for the meanings; I don't know what to call them in Russian.

false — untrue information. It doesn't matter whether a person says it or it's written on paper. And even if a person says it, it doesn't matter whether they realize that it's untrue or not.

lie — untrue information that a person says while realizing that it's untrue. Now this is real ложь.

misinformation — untrue information said by a person who doesn't realize that it's untrue. It's a real shame that this gets called ложь when the person didn't know it was false. It creates confusion, making it seem as if the person deceived someone on purpose, when in fact they didn't mean to.

You could say that the last two words are subsets of the first: lie ⊂ false, misinformation ⊂ false, and the sets lie and misinformation don't intersect.